Didion “In Bed” Thoughtful Analysis

Her ethos is her personal experience with the subject as demonstrated in the first paragraph: â€Å"Almost every day of every month, between these attacks, I feel the sudden irrational irritation and the flush of blood into the cerebral arteries which tell me that migraine is on its way, and I take certain drugs to avert its arrival. † She uses exact medical terms such as â€Å"Methodologies,† â€Å"lysergic acid,† and â€Å"synthesized L SD-25† to demonstrate her knowledge and research on the subject. 3. ) Make observations about the remarkable language use in the first paragraph.Here are a few to get you started, but add a few of your own: â€Å"unconscious with pain,† â€Å"shameful secret,† â€Å"chemical inferiority. † What does each of these phrases do for the passage? Doing is showing what the majority of people think of migraines by using these words. Most people don't understand that it is more than a headache, but people thin k those who suffer from migraines are weak and that it's something they do to themselves due to â€Å"bad attitudes, unpleasant tempers, [and] wrongdoing. † Doing sort of mocks the general preconceived attitude towards her affliction. . ) What is the intended effect of the parallel structure at the end of the second paragraph? What type of appeal is this? Be specific. Doing utilizes the parallel Truckee to provide specific examples of her struggles with migraines. Doing uses logic to contradicts her statement the when she said â€Å"nothing wrong with me at all: I simply had migraine headaches, and migraine headaches were, as everyone who did not have them knew, imaginary' and then uses the parallel structure to show that migraines are an issue. 5. ) What is the purpose of including Jefferson and Grant?What about the lengthy paragraph on medical treatments? Jefferson and Grant weren't weak people who were likely to complain about a â€Å"headache. It's not just a disease th at affects weak personality types, so the two men lend credibility to the issue of migraine. The paragraph on medical treatments demonstrates her knowledge of the issue. The medical paragraph lends credibility to Doing, but it also shows that there is no easy cure for migraine; one of the drugs is even a derivative LSI showing that it's a pretty intense treatment. . ) Comment on the importance of the phrase â€Å"ambiguous blessing. † The blessing is arguable because in the midst of a migraine, the individual suffering the attack would rather die than eave to suffer, but after the attack is over they're glad they survived. 7. ) Find a logic fallacy in the first full paragraph on the back (HINT: Doing herself is not culpable Of the offense). What is it, and how does it strengthen her argument? The doctor makes an assumption about her condition based on her appearance, specifically her messy hair.He assumes she must be a compulsive housekeeper because her hair is messy and that all patients with her condition have a specific personality, and he tries to find a way to file her within that personality type. 8. Throughout the essay, why does she refer to it as â€Å"migraine† and not â€Å"migraines'? Doing is trying to express the seriousness of migraines by stating it by its medical term, much like we call cancer cancer and diabetes diabetes. 9. ) What do you think is the purpose of the final paragraph?Its purpose is to show that she's found a silver lining in the pain of a migraine. The migraine is brought on by the small stresses of her everyday life, and every anxiety she has is magnified by the migraine before the pain, but then the pain comes and she has to focus all of her energy on that singular pain. When the pain passes, all of her problems are no longer real problems. The migraine is now a kind of therapy. It brings her life into perspective and while it's violent in its execution, its still a form of meditation. 0. ) How does she create empathy in the essay? Dingo's personal experiences bring out the pathos in the passage. Her suffering and struggles are empathic by the reader because Doing is so descriptive of her own experiences with migraines; she makes the reader feel and understand what she is feeling during a migraine. 11. Using Doing to justify your response, explain why a balance of pathos, ethos, and logos creates the most effective arguments.

Misconception of Femininity and Females

Misconception of Femininity and Females Femininity is a universal word that we all naturally develop an understanding for. When this word comes up many characteristics run through people's heads. However, the type of person everyone refers to is always female. Feminine and female seem to go hand in hand in our society. Unfortunately, this is a stereotype put on women today. This is because femininity is referred to as someone who is dainty or sensitive, soft spoken or indifferent, and dependent of a stronger individual. Over the years women have proven that this word should no longer define them.As the decades progress women become stronger and more independent, which allows them to take over more controlling roles and become a dominating factor in the work force. From this, the definition of femininity should not be the one thing females are defined as. One of the main characteristics of femininity is daintiness and sensitivity. People imagine someone who is very fragile, or even we ak. They are always in need of assistance and are unable to do very physical activities. Also, they are very emotional and need to express what is on their mind.These characteristics were viewed as very common in women from the 50's who were basically trophy wives and were never taken very seriously. Their only goal was to be the perfect wife and keep the man happy. From these women daintiness and sensitivity become a huge factor when defining femininity in America. Over the years women's roles have changed dramatically. They are no longer just a pretty face who cannot do anything for themselves. Through difficult times women have had to stand up and support their families because the man was not in the picture.This was first seen during World War II when all the men had to go overseas, which left their wives the responsibility of getting a job and taking care of the family. Due to this, the work force boomed with new female workers, whom were even taking traditionally male jobs lik e automotive and factory. Also, women were taking jobs to increase military supplies. For instance, like building weapons and airplanes, which developed the famous fictional female worker called Rosie the Riveter. From this, the characteristics of women started developing into a stronger individual who no longer solely relied on their husband.Also, they became emotionally stronger and were no longer seen as weak, helpless individuals who needed to be coddled. From this, the idea of a woman started to shift away from the central definition of femininity. The second basic trait of femininity is being very soft spoken and indifferent. Someone with this quality is usually very shy and does not over step their boundaries. They do not speak up about their opinions on a topic and tend to rely on a more dominating figure to determine what they believe in. Also, they are very passive and try to avoid confrontation with others.This explanation is very stereotypical to how women were viewed be cause men would only talk about controversial topics between each other and the female was not expected to have her own opinions. They were not given the chance to speak up and from this, women remained quiet and allowed their husbands to speak for the both of them. These early years exemplify how women were viewed and ultimately shaped the definition of femininity. As the years went on and women started to become stronger their opinions soon followed after. They were able to become more comfortable with themselves and started to emerge from the shadows of their husbands.From this, they started to speak up and even fight for what they believed in. As more women started to take charge the development of women's rights movements formed and grew exponentially. Women started to become more confident in their voice and were no longer going to be soft spoken, or indifferent. One of the first women's rights organizations created in 1913 was called the National Women's Party, lead by Alice Paul. The main objective of this organization was to gain voting equality, and to do this Alice organized Picketing in front of the White House for months.Eventually, the women influenced Congress to pass the 19th Amendment in 1920. During this time women began to realize their full potential and appear more dominating to others, which hugely shaped the view of women today. Women were no longer viewed as these feminine beauties, but instead, a strong confident individual who has the power to express her views and fight for her beliefs. The last main characteristic of femininity is that the individual is dependent of another. This person relies on a stronger force to take care of them and is unable to fend for themselves.This is a very common characteristic of a stay at home mom, which was very popular in the 50's. Their only task was to maintain the house and take care of the children, while the husband financially supported them. From this, they completely relied on their husband f or survival because without his pay check there would be no income. This is a very stereotypical view point of a female, which is why femininity becomes tightly associated with the traits of a woman. Over the years more women have strived to no longer depend on a male figure and instead, have excelled in the workforce.From this, there has been a huge increase of females going to college and building their own careers. This is seen statistically over the years because in 1950 one in three women worked, 1998 three out of every five women worked, and now, women account for 47% of the work force. In society today the stay at home mom is very uncommon because women have developed an independence from men. Women's priorities have shifted from wanted to start a family as soon as possible to now wanting to become successful first. Also, the jobs women are going into have dominantly been male driven in the past.For example, the business and science fields have experienced a huge increase in women workers with 60% accountants, 46% biological scientists and 78% Laboratory Technicians. From this, the stereotypes of females being weak and dependent of a male are extremely wrong, which is why the traits of femininity should not solely define a woman. Although not all women may act like the career driven female explained in this essay there has been a dramatic trend line towards this. More women are adapting stronger characteristics and shying away from the basic definition of femininity.People may argue that being feminine is only a trait someone possesses, but in our society women are immediately stereotyped due to the association that being feminine is weak. A human being should not be judged based on one word, which applies to all kinds of things in our society. For instance, if someone is gay people have a habit of associating all these stereotypes on that individual. Every person is different and we should not place generalization on them based on one characteristic. A s women begin to change society needs to change with them because one trait is only one part of a person's whole personality.

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

Willy Loman is responsible for his own downfall.   Willy finds his own hero and tries to become the hero in his own existence.   Willy tries to become a very successful businessman, at the start of his career he thinks that no one can tell him what to.   Willy is not good with people, he is good with his hands, he is not a good salesman and he chooses the wrong career.   Willy often makes up stories or changes the stories he knows because he cannot face the truth of his life that he has not accomplished as much as he has planned.   Willy's downfall is his own doing which is brought about by his unrealistic dreams, his pride, his career choice and his failure to manage life's problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy, at a young age, noticed an old salesman who worked at an age of 80 and made a lot of money. The old salesman took orders from no one, he made his own orders and everyone did as the old man said.   When the old salesman, Dave Singleman dies, all the buyers came to his funeral. All the people Dave ever knew came.   There were thousands mourning his death.   From that point, Willy Loman found an awesome dream which he followed the rest of his life.   Willy became a salesman.   Willy is the most unqualified salesman ever!   He never sold a thing.   Willy stops seeing the truth at one point of his life and he relies on his own lies to numb his pain. The pain of knowing he cannot and wont be able to become Dave Singleman.   He is Willy Loman, who is good at fixing the house.   He is not cut out for travelling from city to city and selling goods to people he has never met before.   Willy dramatically dies living out his dream, the dream that never suited Willy Loman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy does not allow people to tell him what to do.   He believes that he cannot be bossed around and that he is too important to fall under anyone's authority but his own.   Willy teaches Biff and Happy not to take orders from anyone.   He thinks this will make Biff, Happy and himself

Colomo Vs Bonds - What Sexual Harassment Really Is Essay

Colomo Vs Bonds - What Sexual Harassment Really Is - Essay Example Colomo’s mother then called the two students and in the process reprimanded Fuller for his actions as well as advising Victoria to avoid Fuller and ensure she does not walk alone on the campus. Fuller had also confronted Victoria twice which had led to his suspension from the school, and Victoria was assigned with an escort. Further measures were also taken to ensure that the students used separate ways and also had separate measures. Colomo’s mother also brought this point forward claiming that the school had been indifferent when dealing with the first case that had been brought forward. Under this, the courts ruled that if the ‘harasser’ acted in a way that makes the ‘harasser’ be denied of the rights to proper education, school management and the board would have acted indifferently if they had full awareness of the happenings of the case. However, the student had maintained stable grades since the case was based on the victim’s moth er believes that the school acted indifferently in solving the matter; hence, the case was thrown out for lack of evidence. Colomo’s mother was of the opinion that her daughter was being deprived of the educational opportunities which she was supposed to be accorded. In this case, the issue was in relation to the sexual harassment on the part of students against each other. To a greater extent, the court served to point out what constituted this sexual harassment. The decision which was reached by the court did not surmount a case. Instead, the case was dismissed. It was put that the conduct of the school was not â€Å"severe, pervasive and objectively offensive† to an extent that it can constitute a violation of the Title IX. It might have been probable that the victim mother acted in terms of her own intuition. In this case, her actions were orchestrated by her sympathy concern for her daughter.  Ã‚  

Final Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Marketing Plan - Essay Example management strategy, the company will move forth by promising its customers to provide secured services without hampering their assets or interests to welfare. The services provided by the company will therefore be entirely environment friendly. The products and the devices used by the company will also take due care of the customers’ needs, which often remain unaddressed. The company will also provide extreme care and privacy security to their clients during servicing, which is quite likely to increase customer satisfaction ultimately. At the initial stage, the company will mainly target the commercial market as its future customers. As per estimations, there are approximately 30,000 small and large businesses, comprising the group of targeted customers of the company. The company is expected to have a huge growth in its business process by targeting those customers, as it will also ensure limited competitive effects on the same. It has been expected that small offices are the potential customers of the company, which will help the company to achieve growth in the short-run. This targeting strategy of the company to attract the big business organization and sophisticated customers, will be a great opportunity for the company to expand (Iyer & et. al, 2005). The segmentation strategy of the company emphasizes targeting the customers in geographical basis. Contextually, the company has decided to increase its business by targeting the local or the regional customers and commercial customers (Jenkins & McDonald, n.d.). â€Å"Get It Done Office Pro’s† will be a cleaning service provider company. The uniqueness in the company’s services is to provide security during the office cleaning process and provide high-level security to maintain privacy to all its clients and their assets. All the employees of the company will belong from a decent background, which will ensure a better working environment not only for the employees but also for the customers after

Lesson plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lesson plan - Case Study Example Day 1 With the use of a self-regulated strategy, the tutor should let Rodney draft a sentence that will be based on what he is interested. This sentence will not be corrected immediately, but instead used as a specimen for spelling, punctuation, and oral usage. In this phase, Rodney is being given the freedom to choose what he loves and feels comfortable with; thus, helping create a conducive atmosphere that builds his confidence in the tutor. This will reduce shyness and encourage him to participate fully. This falls under the first guideline of the UDL where a student’s perception is taken into consideration, and with Rodney being a computer fan and one who is used to having his freedom. His freedom will still be maintained and his perception of things from such an angle considered. Therefore, the first day will act as an introduction day to simple writing and reading where the student is only exposed to what he is used to as he is prepared to be introduced to a new strange environment in terms of vocabulary. Day 2 For proper understanding to be obtained on any given written material; a reader must be fluent, which is necessary for the second day. This can only be achieved by having Rodney read a given portion of a book continuously to help him become conversant with the words in writing, how they are pronounced, and their meaning. Using Thunder Rose as the material, introduce the first six pages then stop and ask Rodney what he thinks has happened in the story and tell him to write it down in his T-chart (Read Write Think, paragraph, 11). Deal with the six pages that day and note if with conversancy, Rodney is able to regain confidence and thus improve on his self-esteem where he will then be able to read out aloud before his fellow classmates. Marzano’s Strategies The objectives can only be achieved if one utilizes Marzano’s strategy of Reinforcing Effort & Providing Recognition. This is simply because the strategy will make Rodney feel appreciated, and for a child whose parents are never around recognition is something that he will receive with much joy (Resourcefortechers.pbworks.com, pg. 15). Therefore, the strategy will help improve his reading skills not to mention help boost interaction between him and his tutor thus ensuring that his participation is high. He will be given prizes and praised when he shows progress and development; the prizes would include; Free stationeries Candies Computer games As a tutor one can also utilize the Non-linguistic representation where the student can try and act out some of his writings (Resourcefortechers.pbworks.com, pg. 19). For example, if it is a sentence he uses actions and body movements to get the point across or does as the given character in the story he read is said to do and this will help improve his memory of that given reading. This type of strategy is of great use to every student, no matter the reading and writing ability since it helps the brain improve on remembering that activity. UDL Guidelines The two strategies aim at improving self-esteem and participation, to achieve the objectives, this engagement must be present. This is to say that the tutor knowing that Rodney likes spending time alone and not socializing, he or she can improve this situation by coming up with activities that promote socializing and engaging with friends be it through a game or just sharing a story during the afternoon session. Therefore, such a tutor will be utilizing the 3rd guideline under UDL that talks of recruiting interest and sustaining

Lean Management and Value Stream - An Example of BMW Essay

Lean Management and Value Stream - An Example of BMW - Essay Example Automobile firms are trying to keep up with the market changes and shifts in consumer behaviour by designing an adaptive manufacturing process. Based on this consideration, the research will focus on the utilization of lean manufacturing and value stream mapping in BMW. As defined by Vokurka (2006), value stream mapping is implemented for identifying the state of the current status of the operations process and conniving a better process for future operations of the company. Wilkinson and Dale (2007) noted that most of the firms often misdirect their value chain process by focusing on the rectifying the mistakes in the existing operational process which also affects the layout designed for future process. The manufacturing process of BMW is basically run on a centralized structure which allows the company to manage the functions in all its subsidiaries. The international business of BMW is receiving its supply from only manufacturing units established all over the world (BMW, 2014). The manufacturing process of BMW is co-ordinated with by creating a holistic approach in all the manufacturing units of the business. BMW maintains their manufacturing process by creating demands for their luxury products and reducing the supply of the products (BMW, 2014). The growth of their product line has however now transformed from a luxury brand and has expanded their consumer base from niche market to the mass market also. However, Ballou (2007) criticised that often organizations tend to lose potential market space and consumer base by reducing their supply which hampers the brand availability of the firm. The manufacturing process of BMW mainly is formed on the basis of innovation in production, designing, and presentation of their products to the mass market. The process of production can be better explained by observing their Value Stream Mapping.

British decolonization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British decolonization - Essay Example The cartoon is striking in that it reduces the geopolitical tension of the Cuban Missile Crisis, where the United States and Soviet Union reached the brink of nuclear war over the stationing of Russian missiles in Cuba, to a bar game or crude, male ego-driven sport. From the Soviet perspective, the Americans had previously stationed nuclear missiles positioned at Russia from similar strategic locations in Europe and Asia. The two countries, in less than 20 years, had built nuclear arsenals hundreds of thousands of times greater than the weapons used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By many scientific estimates, the two countries possessed sufficient nuclear weapon power to destroy the entire earth many times over. Few were completely certain of the effects of nuclear war on a mass scale, but both sides had built the largest, most powerful war machines the world had ever seen, and Khrushchev and Kennedy pursued a policy of brinksmanship to bring the entire global civilization to the th reat of destruction through their two nuclear arsenals. That the two political leaders are reduced to the caricature of a bar-room arm wrestling match represents the anxiety felt by the general populace who were restrained from truly participating in the decision making of the match, but were rather forced into the role of spectators to watch how events unfolded in mass-media and television. The public could only wonder if two human beings, with human emotions and weaknesses, could be trusted to manage the behavior of nations and armies with such a great destructive firepower. The policy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) was based in the brinksmanship of the political rulers in the cartoon, highlighting the tension of the day in a manner that also illuminates the risk of the human emotions in a centralized leadership command structure. This activity was also depicted in Stanley Kubrick’s classic movie Dr. Strangelove. The brinksmanship ended with the Soviets withdrawing t he nuclear missiles from Cuba in the end to a standoff that had captivated the world as the first and possibly most serious escalation of conflict between superpowers in the Cold War. This cartoon is useful to understand the public opinion of the times, but could be further verified through relations to other news media such as editorials and journalism of the events. Historians Craft Assignment Question 2 Source 2 of 2: An Excerpt from a Political Diary Sunday, November 26, 1967 So this is the end of the second devaluation week and we’re still completely without any central control or decision-taking in this Labour Government. And the chances of getting this as a result of the devaluation are very small indeed. .... the lower the Government plummets the stronger my position grows in my own little corner. Suppose the impossible happened and as a result of the crisis Jim [Callaghan] replaced Harold [Wilson]. That’s not inconceivable when you remember Macmillan replacing Eden after Suez. But it’s something I wouldn’t tolerate because I know the qualities of Mr Callaghan. He’s not an adventurous bold forward-looking Macmillan who could rejuvenate the Party. Right inside he’s a coward with a wonderful outside image and a very likeable personality. ... however, I don’t see the remotest chance of Harold going. It’

Third Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Third Journal Entry - Essay Example Based on these responsibility-related considerations, the professor’s story relates to the larger story of mankind as responsibilities are laid forth for accomplishment, faces challenges in both professional and personal settings, and deserves compassion based on likely occurrence of burnout in the management of work-life balance. The audience addressed comprises of English Language learners with the purpose of introducing the personality of the professor as influenced by career choice, physical appearance, and mastery of a subject. Based on the professor’s profile above, the choice of including the age group, the human side, likely side effects of the career choice was merited by the likely assumptions students make about their professors in general. By introducing the professor’s personality and expectations within his career, the purpose of composing this profile was to give new language students an idea of what is expected of them when addressing, judging, or even responding to the professor’s questions, assignments, and other academic tasks. By providing an easy environment in everything humans do, everyone can handle their challenges appropriately while at the same time projecting the strengths towards a meaningful purpose that influences positive growth. Reflecting on observations about looks and body language, the included details from the interview questions include the professor’s exposure to burnout as well as the personal responsibility of managing work-life balance.

Macroeconomic Performance of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomic Performance of China - Essay Example The country's economic progress is visible in terms of all these factors - the huge jump in per capita incomes, the increased scope of activities for non - state sector enterprises, and its closer integration with the global economy. The Chinese economy grew at a healthy rate of 8% in the year 2000. The growth was stimulated by supportive macroeconomic policies, and a favorable external environment. PESTLE Analysis - an Introduction: PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the "big picture" of the environment, in which you are operating, and the opportunities and threats that lie within it. By understanding the environment in which you operate (external to your company or department), you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats (RAPIDBI). Specifically the PEST or PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business or organization. Political Environment: Political forces influence the legislations and government rules and regulations under which the firm operates. Every company faces political constraints in the form of antitrust laws, fair trade decisions, and tax programs, minimum usage legislations, pollution and pricing policies, administrative activities and many other actions, aimed at protecting the consumers and the local environment. These laws, rules and regulations affect a company's profits. However, there are other political actions such as patent laws, government subsidies and product research grants that support business activities. Thus, political forces influence the organization both positively and negatively. Political activity also influences three additional functions, viz. the supplier function, the customer function and the competitor function. The customer function is influenced by the political activity when government demand for products and services can create, sustain, enhance or eliminate many market opportunities. Economic Environment: Economic factors clearly indicate the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Every market is unique and consumption patterns change along with the wealth of the consumers in various market segments. For strategic planning all the economic trends at national and international levels have to be considered. Prime interest rates, inflation rates and trends in the growth of the Gross National Product (GNP), general availability of credit, the level of disposable income and the propensity of people to spend are the economic trends that have to be analyzed. The potential economic impact of international forces appeared to be severely restricted and was largely discounted until recently. The focus of economic environmental forecasting was changed by the new international power brokers. The European Economic Community (EEC), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and coalitions of lesser-developed countries (LDC) are three well known examples of influential international power brokers. Social Environment: The social environment is an important factor as changes in the values, beliefs, attitudes, opinions and lifestyles in society create potential opportunities for an organization. For a company to grow, it is necessary to take advantage of societal

Technology and Disadvantages Essay Example for Free

Technology and Disadvantages Essay It is quite impossible to think of a life without technologies and gadgets. Technology can be defined as a process with the help of which human beings modify nature in order to meet their growing needs. Technology leads to innovations and inventions and one such invention is gadgets. There are so many varieties of gadgets that are designed to suit human needs. But the questions is, are there only advantages or there are disadvantages as well. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using new gadgets and technologies. Advantages of technologies and gadgets: The advantages of new technologies and gadgets are discussed in the following lines. 1. Higher profit: New technologies can benefit your business in a number of ways. You can get higher profits as new technologies increase work efficiency, which in turn, increases productivity. Moreover, fewer work forces are needed as new technologies can automate the work thus reducing the costs more. 2. Fast access to information: You can get quick access to information with the help of computer and internet, two of the most popular technology and gadget in the present times. The ‘search engines’ on the internet help you find information on any topic that you’re looking for. see more:technology makes us lazy 3. Increases communication: Gone are those days when you had to write letters in order to communicate with people staying far away. Nowadays, you can send e-mails and you get the reply within minutes. Moreover, you can also take help of ‘chat rooms’ to meet new people as well as to stay in touch with your old friends. 4. Speed up work: There are so many gadgets that help to speed up work. Right from household chores to office work, there are gadgets with the help of which you can increase your work efficiency. It helps you to do quite a number of things in relatively less time. Disadvantages of technologies and gadgets: The disadvantages of new technologies and gadgets are discussed below – 1. Online fraud: When you use internet for online transactions, there is always a possibility of being a victim of online fraud. As for example, impostors may steal your credit card information and use them for their own monetary gain. 2. Dependency on gadgets: People are becoming mechanical as they are getting more and dependent on gadgets. Nowadays, human beings cannot do a simple work without taking help of a gadget. 3. Integrating new technology: It is often difficult to take a business related decision about whether to buy the latest technology or wait for some new invention. Moreover, implementing new technology in a business can be quite expensive; therefore, you need to decide whether or not you actually need it. Above all, integrating a new technology in a business is quite a difficult task in itself. 4. Technology related diseases: Human beings are becoming addicted to the new technologies and gadgets, especially, internet and computers. Moreover, young people are getting more and more addicted to mobile phones. Many scientists believe that radiation from mobile phones may cause blurring vision, headaches and earaches and may be the reason of cancer, too. Therefore, it can be concluded that there are both advantages and disadvantages of using new technologies and gadgets and it depends on mankind how they want to use them. About the Author - Rodney Gordon has been working as a contributing author on various topics like- technologies and gadgets, arts and culture, search engine marketing, business and finance, education, entertainment, Internet, sports and leisure for about two years. n the current time people cant imagine their life without technology. Surrounding us various technologies are helping people to live their life with more luxury. The technology sector has changed and developed many products. The technology is providing many advantages but also it has some disadvantages. Here we will discuss about both. Advantages There are several advantages of technology like Easier life With technological machine people are getting help in every sector. Cars and bikes are helping people to reach anywhere quickly. Airplane and superfast trains have been reduced distance between cities and countries. Computer and internet are providing information in simplest way also it has changed way of communication. Now people are doing video conferencing and chatting to communicate with their friends and family used communication technology. Lesser Mistakes Machines are helping people to make lesser mistakes. Robots or machines are working accurately and you just need to program them with proper information. Like in production of any automotive most of manufacturing companies are using automatic machines which follow instruction of computer or that person who is operating the machine. And all work gets done perfectly. Save Time Technologies are saving our time, for an example you can flew anywhere in the world in lesser time. With computer you can do any work in lesser time and also it help to enhance quality and provide suggestions. Machines are helping people in kitchen too like Oven and these are also saving time. Disadvantages Every one knows that technology is very helpful but it has some disadvantages too. Because many companies have adopted automatic machines so that they can improve their production with accuracy. As a result many people lost their job. Similarly house maids are loosing their job because robotic machines are doing their job. Owner need to pay one time only while maid get paid for every month. However machines and robots look inexpensive and good to use but, when any technical problem occurs in machine or robot, it took much time to fix it and also it can be expensive. - As we found that in technology sector, there are many advantages and disadvantages, even then people cant imagine their life without technology including me. What are the advantage and disadvantages of technology in our daily lives? Answer: Simple Question. Simple Answer. The Advantage is really convenience think about it, how convenient is it to whack on the TV in the morning, see whats happening around the world, then 20 minutes later go on your computer and have and have a twitter session, and read all your emails from friends around the world. - The Disadvantage is that technology is dominating everything. Soon posting mail would be a thing of the past. CNC machines (robots) would take over peoples jobs in making things, etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology The development and spread of various technologies has become synonymous with the level of prosperity in a particular place. In economics, technology is one of the major factors that determine the growth and potential in the production process. It is also a basis for distinguishing between developed and developing countries and the advancement of technology is considered an essential factor to a country’s progress. The importance of technology in the world today cannot be stressed upon enough, which leads us to a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of technology. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines technology as the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area such as engineering or medicine. A more comprehensive view of this concept can be grasped from the Wiki definition of technology – â€Å"the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function†. Ever since pre historic times, humans have been applying their knowledge in ways that would make life easier for mankind as a whole. We have come a long way since the discovery of fire and invention of the wheel, and there is no stopping the advance of the technological age. It has permeated every aspect of our lives from the alarm clock that wakes us up in the morning to toaster ovens and nuclear reactors. The advantages and disadvantages of technology are of great relevance due to the huge role that technology plays in our lives today. Technology and Economics Noted economists such as Adam Smith and Schumpeter have recognised the great significance of technology in the development of nations and creation of business cycles. The Schumpeterian school of thought which advocates the theory of â€Å"creative destruction† stresses on the importance of innovation and technological advances in bringing about the end of the old ways and creating a new phase or business cycle in the economy. Keynesian economics also involves concepts of production per worker and total production levels in an economy, both of which are mainly affected by the technological prowess of the nation. It contributes in increasing the GDP of a nation which is well reflected in the high GDPs of developed countries which have access to the best technologies globally. The manufacturing (secondary sector) and service sectors (tertiary sector) are dependent completely on the technological progress of a nation. Although primary sectors of the economy like agriculture and an imal husbandry did not require a highly developed technological base, they are now accepting newer and better technologies which help in improving output. The efficiency and ease provided by technological innovations as simple as calculators to complex super fast computers, has made business transactions and cross continent interaction much easier and faster. These developments have completely changed the dynamics of business and manufacturing units. Multinational companies are sprouting up by the dozen due to the new possibilities made available by technological advancements. The quality of the entire manufacturing sector, which forms the backbone of the infrastructural and production units of an economy, is determined by the amount of technological knowledge available to the producers. This has been recognised by leading companies the world over who are constantly dedicating a larger portion of their funds to RD. Thus it is clear that the advantages and disadvantages of technology in this respect are quite one sided. The economic benefits of technology far outweigh any drawbacks. Technology has and will continue to play a significant role in spurring growth in economies. Technology and Culture The advent of new innovative products in our daily lives has redefined our cultures to a large extent. Hunting, riding and fishing as means of entertainment have given way to play stations, television and movie theatres. Almost every outdoor experience such as riding on horseback, swimming or jogging can now be replicated in the environ of our homes by a variety of gadgets and technologies. All in all, people today have adopted a more sedentary lifestyle thanks to the convenience provided by technological innovations. With a new iPad or computer operating system being developed every two months, people have enough to keep them occupied both in terms of work and leisure. Other aspects of our cultural lives such as communication and transportation have progressed to an extent that the world seems a much smaller place. Transatlantic journeys that would’ve taken several months to complete a century ago can now be covered in a matter of a few hours by air travel. These advantages o f technology are quite evident to us and it would be difficult to imagine life without them today. Advantages of smart technology are also prevalent in educational institutions and among students. For example use of laptop, desktop computers, iPad also prove beneficial to the students in their studies in many ways. Computer and net technology is a source of great wealth of knowledge. However, there are some seriously dangerous trends that have emerged due to the advancement of technology. Children spend increasingly more time watching television, playing video games or surfing the internet. Social networking sites, the newest phenomenon to hit online users, have claimed a significant number of victims, both young and old, who spend a large chunk of their time and energy on these sites. People find it easier to take shortcuts, for instance, university students can easily purchase services of writers who finish reports, assignments and even theses for a small fee. Thus in some ways procrastination and sedentary lifestyles are fast becoming popular among new generations. Technology and Society Technology has even changed the face of our societal norms and lifestyles today. Quality of life, especially in health and science, has been impacted quite strongly by the advent of the technological era. The increasing electrification, urbanisation, connectivity and closeness observed in different regions of the world have given a new dimension to standard of living. Healthcare has advanced fast due to the development of life saving drugs, eradication of numerous diseases, availability of cheap medicines etc which increases life expectancy and provides overall high standards of living. Advancements in science and technology as discussed earlier have altered various aspects of our lives making them indispensable. On the other hand problems like pollution, rising population, increased waste generation and destruction of wildlife which have emerged as direct consequences of technological advancements, put great pressure on the earth’s resources. These need to be dealt with carefully in order to have sustainable development. Resources need to be conserved for the benefit of future generations and currently one of the biggest disadvantages of technological progress is that it causes heightened resource usage. What does this all means ? Thus the advantages and disadvantages of technology are numerous and varied, but need to be observed carefully in order to utilise this knowledge advantageously. Technology has been a great boon to mankind but at the same time we must not be ignorant of the drawbacks generated by some of these developments. Many amazing strides in technology have been made since the beginning of civilization, and more are certain to be on the horizon. - Disadvantage Of Technology In Our Lives Question:advantage and disadvantage of modern technology in our lives Answers:Hello ! These are some disadvantages of technology : We always must be ready to receive company, we can hardly be really alone, we are always connected, As we can have every informations easily from home, we dont go to library, or we dont search what we want in shops, so we dont meet new people, It makes relationship very unpersonal, We have no choice but to buy cellular phones nowadays, even if its expensive, If want to be in the movement, you must have a mp3, etc Bye Answers:Advantage technology makes our lives easier Disadvantage Uses up natural resources at an unsustainable rate, degrades the natural environment Answers:The advantages: 1. Make our life simpler. 2. It helps us to organize our daily activities. 3. Our job can be done faster. 4. Easier to communicate with other people. 5. Helps us to know and understand other culture and society better. (and lots more) The disadvantages: 1. Can be e asily manipulated by irresponsible persons. 2. Well be too dependant on it. When technology fails, we r helpless (in one way or another). 3. Sometimes, it affects our health and lifestyles(well be complacent and lazy. The chemicals r hazardous). 4. It destroys our simple and healthy life(I miss the traditional style of living). 5. Invasion of our privacy. (and lots more) Question:What is tchnology ; its advantage and disadvantages in our modern living? Answers:Technology is the application of scientific advances to benefit humanity. There are many advantages and disadvantages if you think about it. For example, it is advantageous while allowing us to simplify and automate production, such as robotic car manufacturing. On the other hand, it can be disadvantageous once we start depending on the advancements. Also, think of all the jobs people have lost after being replaced by a machine Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in a Convent :Hi, Im Sister Norma Raupple from the Ursuline Sisters of Youngstown Todays Question is: What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a Convent? A convent is a house where a group of Sisters share their lives and their space with each other. There is a chapel in the central part of the house because our relationship with God is the center of our lives. The convent where I live is in Cnfield, Ohio where there are 30 of us Ursuline Sisters living together. I see many more advantages for living in a convent than disadvantages: I have a spacious private room which looks out on the woods. I often enjoy the sunrise from my window. At the same time, I enjoy the presence and interactionof other women of faith women of all ages. Their support and encouragement helps me to maintain a healthy, happy life. Our life style is simple and fulfilling as we gather for prayer and Eucharist and spend time together when we are not engaged in ministry. At times, I experience the schedule as a disadvantage. For example, the individual sister does not choose the schedule for prayer and meals. The schedule is determined by everyone talking together and deciding what is best for the group life.

South Africa Essay Example for Free

South Africa Essay The population of South Africa was classified into four groups which was the Black, White, Indian, and Colored. The Colored group included people regarded as being of mixed descent including people of Bantu, and European ancestry and much more. Knowing that Apartheid was a system of laws created to keep the white population in control. The Group Areas act of 1951 controlled people where they could of live. The black where driven far away from their city, although their jobs were still in the cities in the white neighborhood. The Bantu education Act meant that the black students were disadvantaged with their education. â€Å"Bus fares were expensive and catching public transport everyday was expensive and caused hardship and depression for the black people. † (Wikipedia) The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of privileged conduct for whites. On the other hand, the white population supported apartheid because they felt it was there to own the land of South Africa. There were many white pro apartheid people because of the much larger population of black South Africans causing the white people to believe that if the black were given rights and freedom, they would of no longer have political power. The white people were worried because they thought that their race would be taken over and they would lose the control that they always had. As a final point, In February 1990 President FW de Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela and began the exclusion of the Apartheid system. In 1992 a white council approved the reform process and on April 27, 1994 the first democratic elections were held in South Africa with people of all different races being able to vote. After the Apartheid came to an end in South Africa, people had more freedom. The Africans now have a little more money now that it’s not all going to the white. South Africa is now peaceful and the anniversary of the elections, which was held on April 27, is celebrated as a public holiday in South Africa known as Freedom Day.

The use of Critical Reflection in Nursing Practice

The use of Critical Reflection in Nursing Practice Nursing practice is a complicated phenomenon, and usually something which has many dimensions. Nurses can develop better understanding of the ways in which they practice, the influences on their practice, and of their responses to challenging situations, through reflection on that practice, and, specifically, reflection on critical incidents. The use of reflection in nursing practice has been established as an important learning and development tool. Not only has it been described as an effective means of engaging in professional and personal development through self-assessment and self-evaluation (Gustafsson and Fagerberg, 2004 p 271), it is also known to be a way of looking at the quality of practice, and questioning how things are done (Bowden, 2003 p 28; Coutts- Jarman, 1993 p 77). Nurses usually use reflective models to guide their practice, as placing a structure on this process makes it more purposeful (Gibbs, 1988, online; Rolfe, 2005 p 78; Jones, 1995 p 783). Price (2004 p 4 6) also argues that reflection is a patient-centered activity, and one that is linked to the development of critical thinking. The NMC (2004 b), the professional body that governs nursing practice and sets the standards for nurses, states that nurses should: Act to ensure the rights of individuals and groups are not compromised; manage risk to provide care which best meet the needs and interests of patients, clients and the public; review and evaluate care with members of the health and social care team, and others; share experiences with colleagues and patients and clients in order to identify the additional knowledge and skills needed to manage unfamiliar or professionally challenging situations; contribute to the learning experiences and development of others by facilitating the mutual sharing of knowledge and experience. This assignment shows how the author has attempted to adhere to these guidelines through this process of reflection. WHAT The author witnessed a member of staff putting medication in the food of a confused and sometimes aggressive patient who regularly refuses their medication. The member of staff was crushing tablets and putting them into the patients food. This patient, an elderly and confused person, is someone dependent upon nursing staff for support with all of their activities of daily living (Farley et al, 2006 p 46). They are difficult to communicate with and it is not possible to get informed consent or true compliance from them. However, the medications were necessary to maintain their state of health, address their mental condition and prevent exacerbations of chronic conditions (such as hypertension). The author was moved to question this practice, and asked the nurse about this, but the reply was rather defensive. It seemed that they believed this was the only way to administer the medications and that it was for the patients own good. SO WHAT To begin with, the author felt that it was important to question this occurrence, because they found it ethically challenging. While the author understood the need to ensure the patient had had their medication, this occurrence challenged previously acquired understanding of informed consent and respecting the rights and dignity of the patient (NMC, 2004a, online). Acting in the best interests of the patient, however, is another requirement of nurses, and in this case, it was easy to see that they did need the medication and that it would help their subjective feelings of wellness to some extent. However, the author would also question how far this would improve their state of being, because with their cognitive impairment, they might not be able to recognize the difference between subjective measures of sense of wellbeing. The main issues in this scenario revolve around the competence of the patient and their ability to give consent (Hedgecoe 2008). The issue of consent is central to nursing practice, particularly in relation to ensuring the patient care is client-centred (DoH, 2001, online; NMC, 2004a, online). The autonomy and dignity of the client is at stake when one considers providing or enforcing care without consent (DoH, 2001, online). Veitch (2002) offers an authoritative overview of the practical issues involved in consent and advises that it is the dividing line between treatment and assault. (Veitch 2002 Pg 11). This is a very important issue to consider, because, as already discussed, the NMC (2008, online) requires nurses to only act in the best interests of their patients. That means being proactive, providing information to the patient, and communicating with them as best they can, even when there are communication difficulties. Veitch (2002) also goes on to comment that Consent is not just the signing of a document prior to undergoing a procedure, it is a hugely complex area with legal, ethical and practical components and all of these are brought into sharp focus when they are compounded by degrees of reduction in cognitive function (Veitch 2002 Pg 22). The problem here is that the patient, who is suffering from vascular dementia, cannot really be considered fully competent to make decisions about their care. They are cognitively impaired, and in need of significant care, surveillance, assistance and input in order to maintain basic levels of health and functioning. As such, this issue highlights the plight of such individuals, because they are occupying a cognitive world which is disconnected from reality, and within which they are unable to reason or understand what is being asked of them (Bowler, 2007). However, in this case, the scenario is taken to be in a residential care home. This means that one could reasonably assume therefore that the patient is not severely cognitively impaired and may suffer from fluctuating degrees of impairment (Bowler 2007). To this extent, the situation may be helped by considering whether they were happy to take the medication when they were less confused. If the patient is normally happy to take their medication when they were cognitively aware, the legal considerations become easier as Lord Donaldson has stated, in legal statute, that if a patient is judged not to be competent then the healthcare professionals who are responsible for their care are also responsible for making a decision that they believe is in the patients best interests and in line with a decision that they believe the patient would have made if they were competent to make it at the time. (Donaldson 1993). It would appear, therefore, that perhaps the actions of the nurse in placing the medication covertly in the patients food is excessive, and may be motivated by expedience and convenience rather than the best interest of the patient. It might be that, as may be the case in many circumstances, preconceptions about patients, and even stereotyping and prejudice, could be affecting actions here, because despite the egalitarian nature of the nursing profession, there appears to be ongoing ageism in clinical practice (DoH, 2001, online). According to the Department of Health in the National Service Framework for Older People (DoH, online), older people are often subject to preconceptions and prejudice because of ageism, and this ageism can be quite subtle, and pervasive in our modern society. Even those who deal extensively in the elderly may be prejudiced towards them, or have some degree of innate ageism (Gunderson et al, 2005 p 167). With the ongoing focus on patient-centeredness (DoH, 2 001, online) and on ensuring patient safety through the highest standards of care (DoH, 2004, online), this author would argue that actions which occur as a result of prejudicial preconceptions are quite likely to place patients at more risk. In this situation, the nurse may possess such preconceptions but be unaware of them, but this action could place the patient at risk. If someone else came along and asked the patient if they had had their medication (obviously in a more lucid moment), the patient would say no, because they would be unaware that this had occurred. Therefore, the patient could be overdosed because a second dose might be given. The ethical considerations that arise from this particular scenario are not the same as the legal ones, although there are large areas of both overlap and concordance of views (Lo, 2005). Hippocrates has been cited as stating that one should first do no harm. (viz Carrick 2000). This is the basis of the Hippocratic Oath which is taken by all doctors in the UK, and also the basis of fundamental principles of healthcare and professional practice. This is effectively translated into the Principle of Non-maleficence which means that the healthcare professionals must ensure that the patient is not harmed. An aggressive and confused patient may well be in danger of harming themselves and suitable treatment can be considered as justified in this context (van Uffelen, Chinapaw, van Mechelen et al. 2008), but it is questionable how much harm would occur due to this refusal to take the medication. The author would question whether it would not be more appropriate to allow the patient time to return to a more lucid state and then give consent for the medication, complying with their care themselves. This would respect their autonomy, and would also mean that the care given was not entirely bound by routines within the residential home, and would mean a patient-centred approach (DoH, 2001, online). The Principle of Beneficence can also be considered here, and it should be noted that this Principle is coloured by the circumstances of the event being considered. One could argue that the use of medication to ease the patients apparent distress is doing good under the terms of this Principle. If the overall aim of nursing practice is to act in the best interests of the patient, then it may be necessary to take such action, and to take responsibility for making such a decision, if it can be fully established that these actions are only done because it is better for the patient. This author would argue that in this situation, if the decision to put the medication in the food is just about expedience, about it being more convenient and manageable for the staff, then this would not be acting within the principle of beneficence. It is important to not just continue with standard or routine practice just because everyone does it. The balance in this situation is between beneficence and m aleficence, and is therefore relating to the motivation of the individual. Is the nurse doing this to avoid having to spend time and energy persuading the patient to take their medication? Or is this simply the best solution because otherwise the patient will not take the medication and will become ill as a result? More details about this would be required to fully understand the ethical challenge here. It would seem that the major problem with hiding medication in food is deception. Although it may be considered a practical expedient, It would not be an appropriate course of action if the patient was rational and competent, so consideration is required as to why it would be considered appropriate just because they are not competent and rational at this time (Wong, Poon, Hui 2007). Therefore, it is appropriate for the author to have questioned this practice, at this time, and to explore the parameters and dimensions of this action (Hargreaves, 2004 p 196). This area of intervention is fraught with difficulty and should not be entered into lightly. If a decision is made by the healthcare professionals to give the medication, it should be recorded in the notes together with the reasons for that decision and it should be given. If the patient will not take tablets then alternative routes of administration should be considered (Welsh and Deah 2007). It is not appropriate to overtly deceive or mislead the patient as doing so contravenes any concept of personal autonomy and dignity (NMC, 2004a, online; NMC, 2008, online). ). However, it may be that this course of action has been agreed with relatives or next of kin who have responsibility for the patient, which clouds the debate somewhat. There appears to be a fine line here between ethical and unethical practice, and therefore, it is important to clearly understand and justify why this course of action was taken. It would also help if nurses could address their own prejudices and potential bias about certain patients, through critical self examination and reflection (Daly, 1998 p 323). This would also help develop critical thinking skills (Daly, 1998 p 323). Nurses could then reflect critically on these kinds of actions to explore if there are not perhaps alternative approaches which could be used, such as providing the medication in a different form, one that is more palatable to the patient. It is not possible to easily define what the right course of action is in these circumstances, but if the nurse adheres to the principles of client centred practice (DoH, 2001, online), it should be easier to evaluate the motivations for these actions and therefore understand the ethical impact of this situation. However, it wo uld also be important to consider the theoretical basis for this, and for nurses in this particular care environment to discuss this practice and come to some consensus relating to the ethical issues and the ethical principles which arise from this kind of situation. NOW WHAT As part of this reflection the author will now try to draw together conclusions about the scenario described and discussed above, evaluating it as a whole. Having reflected on this scenario, it is apparent to the author that there is a lot to be learned from the situation. To begin with, it highlights how complex even simple nursing actions can be, particularly when they address ethical issues. The primary ethical issue in this scenario relates to the autonomy and capacity of the patient, and the motivation for the actions of the nurse involved. Autonomy is a key ethical principle, and respecting the rights and the individuality of the patient is central to professional nursing practice. Patient-centered practice is an ideal, but it should be a fundamental principle and in such a scenario, using patient-centeredness as a benchmark for evaluating care could be a useful way of analyzing whether nursing actions are ethical or not. In this scenario, the author would argue that the nurse should have taken more time with this particular patient, and should perhaps have considered how to provide the medication safely without challenging her autonomy quite so much. It is obvious that deception is a concept and practice that is incompatible with the fundamental principles of nursing and health care. This author has learned from this that covert actions are inacceptable, and if this situation were to arise again, they would feel empowered to challenge it, and to take action, to turn the focus back onto the rights of the patient. It is also important to consider the balance between the factors surrounding what constitutes the best interests of the patient. There will always be an ongoing negotiation, in situations when the patient is not fully competent, but if the nurse adheres to ethical principles, they will provide patient-centered care and this must, ultimately, meet the individual needs of the patient. This process of reflection has been a significant learning journey for the author, because it has broadened and deepened their understanding and insight into ethical challenges they face in their daily work and practice. Reflection, guided by a constructive model, has helped the author to analyze and evaluate this situation, and to explore the parameters of the ethics and philosophies which apply to it. The author has found that carrying out this reflection has not only enhanced their understanding of this situation, and of the complexities of the ethical questions raised by it, but also enhanced their critical thinking skills. Ethical decision making in nursing appears to be something that is hard to pin down, as ethical questions often leave a degree of confusion about the right and the wrong thing to do. Such is the case here, but the author has learned that there is literature to inform the nurse about the rights and wrongs of the more ambiguous ethical dilemmas, and that using such information can aid understanding and improve future practice.

Provider of Online Academic Tutorials :: Business Plan

Section 1 Executive Summary: As the title suggests, this business is about providing tutorials to pupils and/ or students on any subject given in a course curricula. The key to operating the business is a customized server where client pupils/ students key in their questions/ assignments and sent out; and the server in turn, provides the answers/ solutions in interactive mode. The server is a storage bin and at the same time an â€Å"information refinery† where all school books and teacher lesson plans are put to order. The money part of this business is in subscription fees. The fees will vary from one tutorial program to another and on the need and time service of an online tutor. Section 2 Business Description: Mission Statement: â€Å" To be the best providers of Online Academic Tutorials† As students, we have been through all the struggles of having to manage time. We students do not only devote ourselves into our academics. We have other certain things to do like e.g. Extracurricular Activities, Leisure Time and etc. In fact, most students nowadays get so stressed out that they are not able to perform to their utmost capacity so we have thought of creating an Online Academic Tutorial. This would not occupy much of the student’s time since it enables students to focus on their vital topics/ areas they are concerned about and it would actually result in to making them more efficient and productive rather than studying the entire scope of the topic, which are advocated in tutorial centers. Proposed Legal Form; Partnership of three people for a start and as subscriber base reaches a critical mass will convert into a corporation. Our entry strategy will be person-to-person solicitation of accounts/ subscribers/ advertisers tie up with schools for group discount rates and as for product research and development, we will develop a product niche in so- called exact Sciences; Physics, Mathematics, Algebra, Calculus and Geometry. Section 3 Marketing Analysis: The trade of education services; Philippine education has been the object of several studies over the past decades. Most of these studies were focused on issues concerning access and equity, quality and excellence, relevance and responsiveness, financing, and governance.

Anatomy of a Love Letter :: essays research papers

Anatomy of A Letter, Part I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’re right Sandra. A letter from you is the very last thing that I want right now. We have been together for so long and I know you feel that I am throwing it all away as some sort of â€Å"over reaction† but you fail to see the bigger picture. Just put yourself in my shoes for a moment and stop thinking about you and maybe you’ll see the reason why our relationship is beyond repair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I understand that our relationship was, as you put it, â€Å"stalled† due to a lack of concern about our future together. What I don’t get is that you didn’t come to me once to tell me how you were felling about that huge step in our lives. I had no idea how important it was to you that our careers coincide. You are a very independent woman and I didn’t want my aspirations to hinder your progress in the corporate world. You see, that’s one of our problems, we have a lack of communication. We have known each other since we were children and yet you still find it hard to come and talk to me whenever something upsets you. Instead you found Mr. â€Å"lovedoc† and talked to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And another thing, this whole situation is not about you. Do you know how many times you mentioned yourself in your letter? 33 times!! This is supposed to be about US and how we can get past this together. You know, You didn’t even say your were sorry. Not once did you even apologize. You kept talking about YOU, and what YOU had to sacrifice and what YOU have to give. There is no such thing as a one sided relationship. I gave my all in this relationship too. And unlike you I didn’t need another woman to run to when things got rough. I stayed faithful to you through the goodtime and the bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t think you will ever know the pain that I am going through right now. You will never know the heartache I felt when I read those e-mails, one after the other, each spoken with such lust and desire.

Truman Doctrine :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All things in history have a place and time. In fact we are history. Had it not been for the previous events in world history, our existence could have been questionable. What would have happened if Hitler did take over the world? Would we be alive today? What if the cold war turned hot at some point? All these doubts tend to help an individual realize that everything in world history happens for a specific reason and therefore everything has its own time and place. One significant event in United States history had been the Vietnam War. However, the Vietnam War that I speak of didnà ─≥t last from the mid 1960à ─≥s to early 1970à ─≥s. Rather, the events that had lead up to the proceedings of the situation in Vietnam began on March 12, 1947 with the creation of the Truman Doctrine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proceeding World War II, the threat of communism had been particularly high. In fact, the US feared the spread of communism within many undeveloped regions throughout the world. Therefore, within the Truman Doctrine incorporated the policy of containment. The policy guaranteed immediate aid to Greece in Turkey, which had been in danger of falling under communistic influences. Within such, the policy stated they would provide military and economic help to a country that was underdeveloped and being endangered. In reality, the policy was designed to secure countries that would easily fall to a communistic regime. President Truman had established this to create a sense of security not for the US, but the world as a whole. Truman believed that Russia was out to spread the sphere of influence in the east. In return, the US had been there to prevent such occurrences. Each country battled for its own beliefs. The policy of containment could be argued to be an initial yet distant spark for a happening in Vietnam. Nonetheless, President Truman left his imposing mark on the world history with his Doctrine and policy. Many still continue to argue that all post 1945 US Foreign Policies were in some way or shape related to the tactics of containment. In 1954, the Presidential tide was turned and the US was fresh out of a 3-year war campaign in Korea. The threat of communism had been rather high. The fear that life in the US might never be the same hit the hearts of many Americans. No American was prepared to give up their rights that had been fought for so hard in not one, but two devastating World Wars.

Anne Hutchinson versus Massachusetts

Anne Hutchinson was a church going woman at the least. She moved to Massachusetts in 1634 with her husband and thirteen children. She was expecting her fourteenth when they arrived. Her main influence to migrate to the Americas was Reverend John Cotton. He was a minister to her while they lived in England and she could hear prayers from anyone else but him. Anne was a true believer of the Puritan faith and keeping up the traditions and worship. She believed in speech of â€Å"covenant of grace† not a â€Å"covenant of works†. Basically she wants people to worship what god says and what he has laid down for them to pray upon. She opposes many ministers who she believes that speaks of words that people have laid out over the years and of a man named John Calvin. He was a famous Pastor whose works are called Calvinism. This is what gets her into a big heap of trouble. While in America Anne has these meetings with people around her area and she preaches what she thinks is right and who all she believes can teach the religion the right way. Well people found out and she was put on trial among her peers to be tried for â€Å"troubling the peace and commonwealth of the churches here.† She had spoken something to a group of ministers about her beliefs and they were there to testify against her. She exclaims,† what law have I broken† thinking to herself what she did was right. Some of the men said she said it and some said she didn’t say all that she was accused of but overall the jury believed she said it. Reverend Cotton almost gets her out of it but she rambles about her beliefs again and convinces everyone that she should be prosecuted. The jury and the judges find her guilt of â€Å"troubling the peace and commonwealth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and she is convicted and banished after she is â€Å"uncommunicative† with the outside people she knows. She stays a few months in a house in â€Å"Roxbury† then goes back to court. She then receives her final conviction which is banishment, also John Cotton now hates her for what she has done and talks down to her in the court and says she shall go to hell. She can’t ever come back to that town. She then moves to what is now â€Å"Portsmouth, New Jersey â€Å"with some of her followers. When her baby was due is was a â€Å"still baby† and people thought it was a sign of the evil she had done and called it the â€Å"devil child.† She later gets murdered with five of her kids by Indians after moving to New Netherlands.

“Comparative Study of Different Financial Instrument in Indian Market” Use by Retail Investor

Com comparabilityative reflect of contrasting fiscal peter in Indian commercialisedise Submitted to Prof. Jit demisera Sharma Prof. Daisy Kurien Submitted By Radhika Khant Date of con coordinateation May 18, 2012 Xcellon Institute- School of billet go by dint of brood on HR indemnity in HDFC Bank Submitted to Prof. Jit polish offra Sharma Prof. Daisy Kurien Submitted By Radhika Khant A report submitted In a placeial t champion fulfillment for the award Of the w festerr fine-tune Programme in General Business instruction (201113) Ahmedabad 17 April 2012 Table of inwardness Ac f atomic number 18ledgement.. 4 Executive compend5 1.Introduction6 2. 1 fiscal Indus probe History.. 6 2. 2 fiscal Industry in India 7 2. 3 mo inter w bestrideary run in India truncated Overview7 2. 4 pecuniary Services in India young schooling 9 2. 5 fiscal Services giving medication Initiatives. 10 2. 6 Financial Services plectron up and Supply.. 10 2. 7 List of pass off kick in companies in India. 10 2. 8 channel Ahead.. 13 2. Types of Instruments. 14 3. Debt musical tools.. 14 3. 10 Debenture. 15 3. 11 Bonds16 3. 12 sh argond stock certificate.. 18 3. 13 mightilyeousness21 3. 14 restitution 23 3. 15 atomic number 79 26 3. 16 tangible terra firma. 27 3. 17 Forex. 30 3. 18 intractable de depotine. 31 3. couchigate Methodology 33 3. 1Scpoe of investigate.. 33 3. 2Management Question 3 3. 3intentions of workplace34 3. 4Research Design. 35 3. 5Sources of selective data.. 35 3. 6Sampling Design Process.. 36 3. 7Data Analysis Technique 36 3. 8Limitation of the l recrudesce in.. 36 4. Analysis of data. 37 5. watching/ Interpretation.. 63 6. ratioci gondolacass politic69 7. Reference.. 70 8. Annexure 73 Acknowledgement Being fortune abundant to be a part of Xcellon Institute-School of Business, Ahmedabad.First of each I would be become a bun in the oven to thank to professor Ji disco biscuitdra Sharma for helping me to give relevant in pretendation for preparing my project. At go away, my g lay come inful thanks is as hygienic extended to Ms. Daisy Kurien (professor of Xcellon Institute-school of business) to give her instruction and for e re whollyy last(predicate) supports doneout the project. Radhika Khant Executive Summary The unanimous conductic c oers the apprehension regarding localiseor result drop in either mo topary instrument. What atomic number 18 the cyphers commitor witness objet dart put. What ar the criteria be truly important for the arrangeor.The whole count tells secure or so the distinct m unrivaledtary instrument and the sense of taste of spate towards those instruments. Chapter 1 gives the thinker regarding the monetary fabrication of India. It besides throws the lite about the sure trends of pecuniary labor and who ar the acquire fake in the fiscal service erectrs. It gives the idea regarding the new deepen occurred in this do main. At last, it shows the coming(prenominal) day of that atomic number 18na. Chapter 2 entangles the comparative study of una a like(p) monetary instruments like blondness, debenture, located stick by, bandages, forex, corpo squ atomic number 18 terra firma, redress constitution, florid, uncouth farm animal.It come homes the favours and disadvantages of each instrument. Chapter 3 basic e realy deals with the explore methodology employ for preparing the report. It includes the try out technique procedure, sample size, neckment question, look for objective, data analysis technique and depotinalinus ad quem of the study. Chapter 4 includes the analysis of completely the basal research. With the help of diffe contain statistical techniques like multiple cor congeneric, Anova, Chi-squ atomic number 18. Chapter 5 includes the finding or interpretation of the analysis. 1. Introduction cover effort in the domain as consider to be the approximately important.Fi nancial ope aim be the economic work countenanced by monetary industry, which encompasses a board concatenation of organizations that pick off capital, including quote unions, intrusts, credit dining table companies, redress amends polity companies, consumer finance companies, stock brokerages, investiture blood and few administration sponsored enterprise. The term pecuniary post became much relevant in the US partly as a conclusion of the Gramm-Leach-Billey Act of the late 1990s, which enabled divers(prenominal) types of companies operating in the US monetary operate industry at that prison term of merge. 1. 1 Financial Industry HistoryThe study levelts that pee shaped the modern finance industry ar * The Great nonion (1929) The Great sound judgment originated in the US with the W exclusively in altogether Street interrupt in October 1929. The effects of the clinical depression sp tell crosswise the world, e finically in the heavy industries . out corroborateing requirements regulation, financial industry oversights and the amends of cling method of accountings sprang out of this tumultuous occlusion. * B escape Monday (1987) On October 19, the stock marts crosswise the world witnessed a huge crash. This was the largest one day go calibrate in the stock grocery history. The crash started in Hong Kong, spreading to Europe and the US.Analysts blamed computer merchandise systems for magnifying the losses. * Asian Financial Crisis (1990s) The Asian Financial Crisis was triggered by the split of Thai baht as the giving medication of Thailand distinguishable to float the national bills. The nation had a huge unconnected debt at that point, driving it to the verge of situateruptcy. The crisis rippled across the whole of Southeast Asia and has led to much emerging food grocery countries to reduce debts and produce up unlike gold suffers. * line of despenny Market Downturn (2002) gillyf number oneer alternates round the world witnessed a signifi gou know downfall in March 2002.It was attri excepted to the bursting of the Dot-com riffle, which saw study Internet companies passing play deposerupt. * Sub-prime Crisis (2007) Credit grocerys faced major(ip) labour collectible to large scale scorn on impartwords. It led to the Financial Crisis of 2008 2009 and resulted in the coin boundruptcy, fire-sale erudition and judicature bailouts of finance industry giants much(prenominal) as Lehman Br former(a)(a)s, Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill kill, Wachovia, Yankee Rock, Lloyds TSB, HBOS, RBS and the entire money boxing system of Iceland. The world providence fanny expect reduced suppuration evaluate and tighter regulations as a result of this crisis. . 2 Introduction of financial industry in India The financial industry, or financial services industry, includes a huge range of companies and institutions involved with money, including businesses providing money management, lending, put and insuring and securities military issue and transaction services. The following institutions be a part of financial industry. * Banks * Credit card issuers * indemnification club * Investment banker * Securities traders * Financial contriver * Security exchange 1. 3 Financial Services in India- Brief OverviewFinancial services industry is the mainstay of both economy as it mirrors the financial wellness of the country. Indian financial marketplaceplaces ar passing regulate with varied authorities heraldic bearing an eye on e rattling course of financial sub-segments viz. Stock markets, plebeian money, amends and banking. Stock markets are regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) stopover redress Regulatory and Development ascendance (IRDA) sustainment an eye on the policy industry. Similarly, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) keeps a stop over on the Indian banking sector and tie of rough-cut ances trys in India (AMFI) coins care of the uncouth lineage segment.India boasts of a Rs 23, 000 crore (US$ 4. 44 billion) financial services distri plainlyion and advice market. Re cen snip phylogenys, regimen measures, signalise facts and figures pertaining to the identical are discussed here later. restitution Sector Even when the turbulent judgment of convictions are prevalent in the global financial markets, Indian consumers film non lost faith in their financial systems. This fact is majorly driving Indian insurance market. correspond to the data released by livelihood Insurance Council, total allowance collected (including both new and renewing premiums) during April- folk 2011 stood at Rs 1,22,661 crore (US$ 23. 9 billion). In the equivalent period, the renewal premium ingathering change magnitude by 17 per cent to Rs 73,575 crore (US$ 14. 21 billion), as against Rs 62,818 crore (US$ 12. 13 billion) in the similar period in 2010. Till September 30, 2011, pr omoters of bearing insurance companies had injected over Rs 32,720 crore (US$ 6. 32 billion) as pileus. in addition, thither was an enthronization of more than than Rs 200,000 crore (US$ 38. 62 billion) in infrastructure development in the sector. The council move on predicts an upsurge in new premium collections during October 2011-March 2012.Ratings agency Moodys cerebrate that backbreaking deposit handbag of Indian lenders and Governments persistent support to universal sector and private banks would act as cocksure performers for the 64 trillion (US$ 1. 23 trillion) Indian banking industry amidst the detrimental global scenario. * According to the RBIs Quarterly Statistics on Deposits and Credit of schedule Commercial Banks, March 2011, Nationalized Banks, as a gaining, accounted for 53. 0 per cent of the aggregate deposits, p group of ground State Bank of India (SBI) and its associates accounted for 21. 6 per cent.The donation of new private sector banks, grey private sector banks, foreign banks and regional campestral banks in aggregate deposits was 13. 4 per cent, 4. 6 per cent, 4. 4 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. With respect to gross bank credit to a fault, nationalized banks incur the exaltedest distri entirelye of 52. 8 per cent in the total bank credit, with SBI and its associates at 22. 1 per cent and revolutionary personal sector banks at 13. 2 per cent. immaterial banks, Old private sector banks and Regional bucolic banks held comparatively humble shares in the total bank credit with 4. 9 per cent, 4. per cent and 2. 4 per cent respectively. * An former(a)wise statement from RBI has revealed that bank advances grew 17. 08 per cent annually as on December 16, 2011 while bank deposits go up 18. 03 per cent. common Funds Industry in India Recent data released by AMFI joint that the cumulative average As bent nether Management (AUM) of all coronation firm ho social functions aggregative to about Rs 6,87,640 crore (US$ 132. 77 billion) in the last quarter of 2011. Data compiled at the end of 2011 indicated that HDFC Mutual Fund proceeded its top position with an average AUM of Rs 88,737. 07 crore (US$ 17. 3 billion) while pedigree houses touchly Reliance, ICICI Pru, Birla Sun living and UTI followed. By the end of 2011, at that place were a total of 44 storehouse houses in the country as against 42 in the original quarter of the grade. Private fairness (PE), Mergers Acquisitions (MA) in India Global consultancy firm Ernst boylike (EY) has stated that the observe of MA deals involving Indian companies aggregated to US$ 34. 4 billion in 2011 involving 806 legal proceeding. on that point were 177 outward deals with an aggregate disclosed time value of US$ 8. 8 billion in 2011 forming 25. per cent of the total MA pie. Adani Enterprises acquisition of Abbot Point Coal closing in Australia (US$ 2 billion) and the GVK Groups buy of Australia- viled autograph Coals Queensla nd coal pluss (US$ 1. 3 billion) were among the biggest outbound deals enter in 2011. According to data released by auditing and consultancy firm KPMG, India Inc witnessed a 31 per cent increment in PE investiture to US$ 7. 89 billion during the first troika quarters of 2011. PE firms like B insufficiencystone India and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co (KKR & Co) are betting high on Indian markets.The Blackstone India chief was reported to check verbalise that he intends to close 5-6 deals a stratum in India whose financial valuations would revolve well-nigh roughly US$ 100 million to US$ 120 million each. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in India Overseas entities are among the important drivers for Indian stock markets. FII flows account for about 45 per cent of the market free-float, check to Jyotivardhan Jaipuria, Managing Director and Head of Research, DSP Merrill Lynch (India). According to the data released by SEBI, FIIs purchased stocks worth(predicate) Rs 600,0 00 crore (US$ 116 billion) during 2011.FIIs were likewise seen attracted to the debt market in 2011 wherein they inf apply Rs 42, 067 crore (US$ 8. 12 billion). This intense touch on in debt markets helped India soak up a net FII inflow of Rs 39, 353 crore (US$ 7. 6 billion) ( taking both- debt and stocks- into account) for the stratum. The number of FIIs registered with SEBI stood at 1, 749 as of October 2011, while the number of FII sub-accounts was 6, 058 during the month. Furthermore, FIIs injected Rs 41,253 crore (US$ 8 billion) in Government securities (G-secs) and Rs 68,289 crore (US$ 13. 18 billion) in corporeal bonds, as on October 31, 2011. 1. Financial Services in India Recent Developments * India Infrastructure finance go with Ltd (IIFCL) and IDBI Bank render inked a five-year archive of brain (MoU) to launch infrastructure debt fund (IDF) lineations. The IDF, for which IDBI Bank and IIFCL would play strategic investors, is evaluate to maintain launched by th e end of February 2012. * With an connotation to streng hence its hold in gray India, the Uco Bank is patternning to affix 11 more branches in Andhra Pradesh to its 66-branch-strong ne devilrk in the state. The bank has do exemplary reach in late(a) ult with 2,004 branches in the country and four abroad. IRDA has recently launched a officious application that enables comparison amongst assorted insurance products and premium evaluate. The application, compatible with Android, iPhone, Nokia and Blackberry platforms, has been developed to empower consumers/prospects to mystify informed finishs by comparing features of insurance products by dint of and through mobiles. * US- al-Qaidad financial services participation Ameriprise Financial Inc has commenced its operations in India. It is the and when international firm in India that would provide pure financial readying and riches management services to the Indian consumers. 1. 5 Financial Services Government Initiativ esThe Governments top priority seems to be the enhancement of investor base for the Indian markets. That is why the Ministry of Finance started 2012 with a happy announcement by allowing foreign nationals, trusts and pension chief city to invest straight in the countrys listed companies from mid-January 2012. The Government of India has as well decided to infuse Rs 6,000 crore (US$ 1. 16 billion) in domain sector banks during the remaining 2011-12 to catch that the entities cook through regulatory requirements. In 2010-11, the Government had provided Rs 20,157 crore (US$ 4 billion) as its keen support to in the unexclusive eye(predicate) sector banks.In order to prepare public sector banks for neck-to-neck contest ahead and break their performance in emerging day, the finance ministry has set new benchmarks for them to achieve. The new benchmarks, that would calculate their for sale and financial capability to restrict for hood infusion, entail three performance in dicators bringings and current deposit ratio, employee-branch ratio and proceeds per employee. 1. 6 Financial Industry Demand and Supply Drivers Demand for financial products is compulsive by put on the line-reward assessments, which consider * Potential behave * Risk rating * Liquidity handiness of information * Access to alternatives The major sum up drivers are * bullion hand over * fill rates * Inflation * Economic conditions Government regulations 1. 7 List of Top Finance Companies of India SBI large(p) Markets moderate It is one among the oldest organizations in the slap-up markets sector of India. It was set up in the year 1986 as an ancillary of SBI. It ranks minute in Asias Project Advisory services. The play a massive is a trailblazer in privatization and securitization. The keep fraternitys subsidiaries are SBICAPs Ventures Ltd. , SBICAP Trustee Co. Ltd. Bajaj great(p) LimitedThe partnership bring home the bacons trounce enthronization advisory and financial planning. It provides institutional investors, NRIs, merged houses, mortal investors, and high network clients with enthronisation advisory and financial planning services. It is withal the largest provider of finance products whirled by public and private organizations, several government bodies, commit products like bonds, correlative notes, general insurance etcetera IDBI Bank The Managing Director and chairwoman of the bank is Shri R. M. Malla. It suggests the services like person-to-person banking, corporate banking, MSME finance, NRI services and much more.Browse the post to know more. UTI Mutual Fund The corporation offers outdo coronation advisory and financial planning. It is recognised as Indias al near sure financial advisor. DSP Meriyll Lynch Limited It is the key player of fair-mindedness and debt securities in India. It renders financial advises to umpteen corporations and institutions. It in any case offers a tolerant array of wealth management and investor services a vast with customized advices related to financial matters. This phoner is the pioneer to form research installing to research in financial products and services, improvements and innovations. The order also has its hand in theGovernment securities and holds an noble-minded position in the market of impartiality and debt in India. Birla Global Finance Limited It is a subordinate of Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. Their motto is to be the first choice of the guests as a major provider of financial services through technology and value mental hospital. The base activities of the company are Corporate Finance and bang-up Market. Aditya Birla Nuvo has also formed trammel with Sun carriage Financial of Canada which has minded(p) rise to the following financial services companies like Birla Sun tone Insurance Co Ltd. , Birla Sun Life scattering Co. and legion(predicate) separates. lodgement Development Finance sess This company offers the ge nerate up financial solutions and guidance for home loanwords, quality related services, loans for NRIs etc. in India. The one stop termination for comprehensive information on personal finance is HDFC. The company has a full network in India and abroad. HDFC overseas offices are in Sin breachore, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and many otherwises. PNB lodgement Finance Limited This is completely owned by PNB and offers premium solutions to relieve the borrowers. This subsidiary of the PNB has recorded a fruit a 73% and is a leading finance company of India.The Home contribute Life Insurance Plan of this company in association with TATA AIG offers the lowest premium in compare to others. The chart for loans of 5 lacs and elevate of 15 eld is just premium. It renders other services like Deposit schemes, Loan schemes and many others. ICICI Group ICICI offers a wide spectrum of financial products and services in India. The company provides solutions for all postulates like ex acting Banking, Online Trading,Insta Insure,ICICI Bank imobile etc. The company keeps up the financial profile healthy and diversifies dough across geographies and businesses.The companys philosophy is to deliver high screen financial services for all the cross sections of the society. Their products are Mutual Fund, Private virtue Practice, Securities, and Life Insurance etc. LIC Finance Limited It is the leading player in the finance sector of India creation the biggest Housing Finance Company of India. The function of the company is to provide finance to individuals for set up or construction or restitution of the old or new flatcar or house. It also offers finance on the existing attribute for personal or business matters. The company has 14 indorse offices,6 regional offices and 126 units of merchandising in India.L T Finance Limited This company was established in the year 1994 by the Larsen and Turbo group and now it is a signifi quartert name in the financial secto r. The company offers schemes like notes for automobiles, money for Agricultural Instruments, secured loans, bills for automobiles and many others. It offers loans for a wide advance and the loans are disposed in exchange of valuable items. India Infoline Limited The IIFL (India Infoline) group, consisting the holding company, India Infoline Ltd (NSE INDIAINFO, bovine spongiform encephalitis 532636) and its subsidiaries, is one of the leading players in the Indian financial services space.It has a part of information related to financial world. look out out the site for more information. 1. 8 Road Ahead A report by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) India, in association with an industrial body and Indian Banks Associations (IBA) predicts that Indian banking sector would arrive the worlds ternary largest in summation size by 2025. The report also analyses that mobile banking would stimulate the second largest channel of banking after ATMs. presumption the positive eco-sy stem of the industry, regulatory and Government initiatives, mobile banking is anticipated to enhance from 0. per cent of transactions in a 45 per cent financial inclusion base in 2010 to 34 per cent of the transactions with 80 per cent rural inclusion base by 2020, as per the report. An industrial body predicts that the non- brio insurance sector is poised to become a Rs 90,000 crore (US$ 17. 37 billion) industry (from the current level of Rs 47,000 crore (US$ 9. 07 billion) by 2015 growing by over 18 per cent. Demand-driven economy, increasing consumer base in motoring and healthcare, growth of services and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are sure factors that are attributed behind the strong depend 2. Types of InstrumentsOverview in that location are many slipway to invest your money. Of course, to decide which enthronization vehicles are adequate for you, you sine qua non to know their characteristics and why they whitethorn be suitable for a particular investing obj ective. DebtMarket unrestricted Provident Fund FixedDeposits Bonds MutualFunds BanksDeposits EquityMarket signPublic Offer (IPO) Insurance Forex specie Gold RealEstate 2. 1 DEBT INSTRUMENTS Debt instruments foster your capital, therefore the importance of a solid debt portfolio. This not only gives stability, but also offersyou optimal renders, liquidity and appraise get aheads.Debtproducts, besides safeguarding your capital, sess be used to see to it gyp, medium and long financial of necessity. * SHORT TERM INVESTMENT They are true(p) for short term goals, you dope look at liquid pecuniary resource, adrift(p) rate cash in hand and short-term bank deposits as options for this category of investings. Liquid coin have retuned around 5% post- measure runs as compared to 5. 6% post- appraise that your one-year 8% bank located deposit gives you. So, if you have funds for enthronization for over a period of one year, it is better to go in for bank deposits. a nd, liquid funds are better, if your time horizon is little than one-year, say around six months.This is be shell the bank deposit rates mitigate correspondenceately with decline periods, while liquid funds testament yield the same annualized turn ins for any period of time. Short-term floating rate funds can be considered at par to liquid funds for short term coronations. * Fixed matureness Plan (FMP) If you know exactly for how much time you need to invest your surplus, a smarter option is to invest in FMPs. They are shorter- tenured debt schemes that purchase and hold securities till maturity exit, thereby eliminating the fill rate find. Try and opt for FMPs that offer a double major poweration derive.Fund houses unremarkably launch double-indexation FMPs during the end of the financial year so that they cover two financial year closings. * Medium & Long-Term pickaxs These options exemplaryly offer low or virtually no liquidity. They are, however, largely useful as income collecting tools because of the assured vex rates they offer. These instruments(small nest egg schemes) should find place in your long-run debt portfolio. Table 1 preciss Type refer rate Term Min ooze coronation Premature with start outal revenue revenue benefit Public provident fund Recurring 8%pa 15 age Min.Rs 500 Max. Rs 70000 yes U/S 80c National saving certificate step-up 8% intensify half yearbook 6 old age Min. Rs. 100Max. No velocity trammel No U/S 80c Kisan vikas patra emersion Amount doubles in 8years & 7months 8 years & 7 months Min. Rs. 100Max. No upper learn Yes naught Post Office Time &Recurring Deposit Fixed deposit 6. 25-7. 50% 1-5 years Min. Rs. 200Max. No upper limit Yes nada Post Office Monthly Income Scheme systematic income 8% payable periodical 6 years MinRs. 1,000Max Rs. 3Lac(Single)Rs. Lac(Jointly) Yes Nil Senior Citizens deliverances Scheme Regular income 9% payable quarterly 5 years Min. Rs kibibyte Max. Rs 15 lack Y es Nil 2. 3 BONDS Overview Bonds refer to debt instruments bearing touch on maturity. In transparent hurt, organizations whitethorn borrow funds by issuing debt securities named bonds, having a unconquerable maturity period (more than one year) and pay a specified rate of interest (coupon rate) on the principal amount to the holders. Bonds have a maturity period of more than one year which disparateiates it from other debt securities like commercial papers, treasury bills and other money market instruments.It is a persistent income instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the purpose ofraising capital. The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds . A bond is by and large a arrangement to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date. The main attraction of bonds is their relative safeguard. Ifyou are purchasing bonds from a stable government, your enthronisation is virtually guaranteed, or risk-free. The safety and stability, however, come at a cost.Because there is little risk, there is little strength comeback. As a result, the rate of return on bonds is generally lower than other securities. Terminology utilise in Bond Market heart and soul in General Terms Bonds Loans (in the form of a protective cover) Issuer of Bonds Borrower Bond Holder lender Principal Amount Amount at which issuer pays interest and which is repaid on the maturity date Issue Price Price at which bonds are offered to investors Maturity Date continuance of time (More than one year)Coupon judge of interest paid by the issuer on the par/face value of the bond Coupon Date The date on which interest is paid to investors td-txt * Tax Saving Bonds These are those bonds that have a special provision that allows the investor to ransom on appraise. Examples of much(prenominal) bonds are a) Infrastructure Bonds b) Capital Gains Bonds I. Rural Electrification Corporati on (REC) Bonds. II. National lastway effectiveness of India (NHAI)c III. National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development c) RBI Tax eternal rest Bonds Table 2 Scheme Who can invest? Investment occupy Maturity Premature withdrawal Tax benefit Min Max Infrastructural bonds Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts 5000 No limit 8% compounded semi annually 6 years after 4 years Yes Capital gain bonds Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts REC any 1 lack No limit 5. 15% pa 5 years afterward 3 years Yes NHAI all in all 10000 No limit 6. 5% pa 7 years After 3 years Yes NABARD All 1 lack No limit 5% pa 5 years After 3 years Yes RBI impose relief bonds Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts 1000 No limit 6. %(tax free) 5 years After 3 years Interest exempt from IT 1000 No limit 8% (taxable) 6 years No Interest is not exempt from IT 2. 4 MUTUAL FUNDS Overview A mutual fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI that pools money from the Individuals/corpor ate investors and invests the same in a pattern of different financial Instruments or securities such as Equity Shares, Government Securities, Bonds, Debentures, etc. The income earned through these investments and the capital under baseings throwd are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them.Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an chance to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost. Mutual fund units are issued and redeemed by the addition Management Company (AMC) based on the funds net asset value (NAV), which is find at the end of each trading session. Mutual funds are considered to be the trump investments as on one hand it provides good Returns and on the other hand it gives us safety in comparison to other investments driveways.The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are * Diversification The best mutual funds design their portfol ios so individual investments entrusting react other than to the same economic conditions. For example, economic conditions like a rise in interest rates may cause original securities in a diversified portfolio to decrease in value. early(a) securities in the portfolio allow respond to the same economic conditions by increasing in value. When a portfolio is equilibrate in this way, the value of the overall portfolio should in maps increment over time, even if virtually securities lose value. Professional Management most mutual funds pay topflight professionals to manage their investments. These conductors decide what securities the fund will barter for and sell. * Regulatory oversight Mutual funds are subject to many government regulations that protect investors from fraud. * Liquidity Its easy to get your money out of a mutual fund. Write a check, own a call, and youve got the cash. * Convenience You can usually buy mutual fund shares by mail, phone, or over the Interne t. * Low cost Mutual fund expenses are often no more than 1. 5 percent of your investment.Expenses for mightiness Funds are less than that, because index funds are not actively managed. Instead, they automatically buy stock in companies that are listed on a special(prenominal) index * Transparency * Flexibility * excerption of schemes * Tax benefits * Well regulated The disadvantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are * No Guarantees No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. Investors escort fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own.However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. * Fees and commissions All funds centering administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. whatsoever funds also charge gross revenue commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial c onsultants, or financial planners. Even if you dont use a broker or other financial adviser, you will pay a sales commission if you buy shares in a Load Fund. * Taxes During a typical year, most actively managed mutual funds sell anywhere from 20 to 70 percent of the securities in their portfolios.If your fund agnises a profit on its sales, you will pay taxes on the income you receive, even if you reinvest the money you made. * Management risk When you invest in a mutual fund, you depend on the funds manager to deal the remediate decisions regarding the funds portfolio. If the manager does not perform as well as you had hoped, you might not make as much money on your investment as you expected. Of course, if you invest in proponent Funds, you forego management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. 2. 5 loveliness Overview Equities are often regarded as the best performing asset class twin its peers over longer timeframes.However equity-oriented investments are also capable of exposing investors to the highest degree of volatility and risk. There are a number of factors, which pretend the performance of equities ad studying and understanding all of them on an ongoing basis, can be challenging for most. The rate of dividend on equity shares is not fixed and depends upon the simoleons easy and the intention of the board. In causa of winding up of the company, equity capital can be paid clog only after every other shout including the claim of election shareholders has been settled.The most outstanding feature of equity capital is that its holders control the affairs of the company and have an unlimited interest in the companys salary and assets. They enjoy voting honest on all matters relating to the business of the company. They may earn dividend at a higher rate. Stock markets have always been a draw for investors for their ability to generate wealth over the long-term. Fear, greed and a short-term investment approach act as hurdles th at frustrate the investor from achieving his/her investment goals. You need to keep in mind the risk associated with the stocks.You also need to diversify your equity portfolio i. e. , include more stocks and sectors. This helps you diversify your investment risk, so even if somewhatthing were to go wrong with a stock/industry in your portfolio, other stocks/industries should help you shore up your portfolio. devil important resources that are critical to investing directly in stock markets are fictitious character stock research and a reliable and inexpensive stock broker. The first one research on stocks is the most critical input that investors need to point before they begin investing in tockmarkets. This is because even while you may have the risk appetite for equities, you still need credible, stock market related research that can help you make the right investment decision. The good thing about the Indian market, riding on the spikelet of an economy that has grown by o ver 7% in the last two years, is that you cant miss beingness part of growth if you invest in the stock markets carefully. The bad part is the woof Of the listed 4,758 stocks on BSE and the NSE, how do you even get close to taking a call?Here comes the need of a financial advisor who can make your investment decisions and monitors your funds. Clearly, as Indians earn more, save more and accumulate more, financial advisors will play a crucial purpose in helping individuals create, protect and manage wealth. Advantages to Investors I. More Income Equity shareholders are the balance claimant of the profits after meeting all the fixed commitments. The company may add to the profits by trading on equity. Thus equity capital may get dividend at high in boom period. II. Right to Participate in the Control and ManagementEquity shareholders have voting rights and elect competent persons as directors to control and manage the affairs of the company. III. Capital profits The market value o f equity shares fluctuates directly with the profits of the company and their real value based on the net worth of the assets of the company. an appreciation in the net worth of the companys assets will annex the market value of equity shares. It brings capital appreciation in their investments. IV. An Attraction of Persons having Limited Income Equity shares are for the most part of lower epithet and persons of limited recourses can purchase these shares.V. another(prenominal) Advantages It appeals most to the speculators. Their harms in security market are more fluctuating. Disadvantages to investors I. Un plastered and strong Income The dividend on equity shares is subject to handiness of profits and intention of the Board of Directors and whence the income is quite irregular and uncertain. They may get no dividend even three are sufficient profits. II. Capital loss During Depression Period During recession or depression periods, the profits of the company come down and c onsequently the rate of dividend also comes down.Due to low rate of dividend and certain other factors the market value of equity shares goes down resulting in a capital loss to the investors. III. button on Liquidation In event, the company goes into liquidation, equity shareholders are the finish off suffers. They are paid in the last only if any surplus is available after every other claim including the claim of preference shareholders is settled. It is evident from the advantages and disadvantages of equity share capital discussed above that the issue of equity share capital is a moldiness for a company, yet it should not altogether depend on it.In order to make its capital structure flexible, it should raise funds from other sources also. 2. 6 INSURANCE Overview Life insurance has traditionally been looked upon pre-dominantly as an boulevard that offers tax benefits while also manifold up as a saving instrument. The purpose of demeanor insurance is to correct the nominee s in case of an eventuality to the control. In other words, life insurance is mean to secure the financial future of the nominees in the absence of the person insured. The purpose of purchase a life insurance is to protect your dependants from any financial onerousies in your absence.It helps individuals in providing them with the twin benefits ofinsuring themselves while at the same time acting as a compulsory nest egg instrument to go through care of their future needs. Life insurance can aid your family on a rainy day, at a time when help from every quarter is congenial and of course, since some plans also double up as a savings instrument, they assist you in planning for such future needs like childrens marriage, purchase of various household items, metallic purchases or as seed capital for get-go a business.Traditionally, buying life insurance has always formed an integral part of an individuals annual tax planning exercise. tour it is important for individuals to ha ve life cover, it is equally important that they buy insurance keeping both their long-term financial goals and their tax planning in mind. This note explains the role of life insurance in an individuals tax planning exercise while also evaluating the various options available at ones disposal. Life is full of dangers, but with insurance, you can at least ensure that you and your dependents dont suffer.Its easier to qualifying the tightrope if you know there is a safety net. You should try and take cover for all insurable risks. If you are witting of the major risks and buy the right products, you can cover quite a few bases. The major insurable risks are as follows Life Health Income Professional Hazards Assets Outliving Wealth Debt refund Advantages of Life Insurance Risk backrest Life today is full of uncertainties in this scenario Life Insurance ensures that your loved ones bide to enjoy a good quality of life against any unforeseen event. intend for life stage needsLife I nsurance not only provides for financial support in the event of untimely death but also acts as a long term investment. You can meet your goals, be it your childrens education, their marriage, building your dream home or planning a relaxed retired life, according to your life stage and risk appetite. Traditional life insurance policies i. e. traditional endowment plans, offer in- construct guarantees and define maturity benefits through variety of product options such as notes Back, Guaranteed Cash Values, Guaranteed Maturity Values. protective cover against hike health expensesLife Insurers through riders or stand alone health insurance plans offer the benefits of protection against critical diseases and hospitalization expenses. This benefit has assumed critical importance given the increasing incidence of lifestyle diseases and escalating aesculapian be. Builds the habit of thrift Life Insurance is a long-term contract where as policyholder, you have to pay a fixed amount at a defined periodicity. This builds the habit of long-term savings. Regular savings over a long period ensures that a decent corpus is built to meet financial needs at various life stages.Safe and profitable long-term investment Life Insurance is a highly regulated sector. IRDA, the regulatory body, through various rules and regulations ensures that the safety of the policyholders money is the unproblematic responsibility of all stakeholders. Life Insurance being a long-term savings instrument, also ensures that the life insurers focus on returns over a long-term and do not take unwarranted investment decisions for short term gains. Assured income through annuities Life Insurance is one of the best instruments for retirement planning.The money saved during the earning life span is utilized to provide a steady source of income during the retired phase of life. Protection plus savings over a long term Since traditional policies are viewed both by the distributors as well as the cu stomers as a long term commitment these policies help the policyholders meet the dual need of protection and long term wealth creation efficiently. Growth through dividends Traditional policies offer an opportunity to participate in the economic growth without taking the investment risk. The investment income is distributed among the policyholders through annual announcement of dividends/bonus.Facility of loans without change the policy benefits Policyholders have the option of taking loan against the policy. This helps you meet your unplanned life stage needs without adversely affecting the benefits of the policy they have bought. Tax Benefits Insurance plans provide attractive tax-benefits for both at the time of entry and exit under most of the plans. Mortgage Redemption Insurance acts as an effective tool to cover mortgages and loans interpreted by the policyholders so that, in case of any unforeseen event, the burden of refund does not fall on the bereaved family.Disadvantage s of Insurance as an Investment Option Inconsistent premiums Most policies contain needful premiums that increase in imputable course. For an insured on a budget, who desires to buy reportage adequate to profit his relations upon his decease, this policy can be quite costly. The inconstant ostentation guarantees a steep climb. bank discount of funds While policies include conditions in which shares from cash accounts can be used to disburse premiums, such a bay practically always results in deducting funds from the cash value / investment account. poor fundsThere is a lack of assurance that ample finance will be narkible to cover amateur premiums when the policyholder holds inadequate funds. Expiration of term insurance This kind of insurance in not permanent it is either for a fixed number of years or until a certain age. On completion of the term or when the insured reaches a certain age the policy expires compelling them to qualify for another insurance program, which ma y require higher premium depending on the age and other factors. Language of premium It is usually unmanageable to resolve accurately how costly commissions truly are.The cost is commonly hidden within the fine print of the terms and conditions, and it is normally explained in language that is coordination compound for someone who is unfamiliar to insurance policies. 2. 7 GOLD Overview In India, favourable has traditionally played a multi-faceted role. Apart from being used for a dornment purpose, it has also served as an asset of the last resort and a hedge against inflation and currency depreciation. India has more than 13,000 tones of hoarded gilt, which translates to around Rs. 6, 50,000 cores. Gold is an asset class thats associated with safety.However, the ups and down that the yellow metal has seen over the last few months, has made it look similar to other market investment assets. This is due to an unprecedented lead for gold as an investment avenue since the last co uple of years. Gold has attracted a high level of attention in last couple of years, with an image prisonbreak from anon- volatilisable asset to a hot investment avenue. The future outlook for the metal looks positive given its proven linear kind with the crude oil and non-linear with the US dollar.The much-awaited gold exchange-traded funds would provide a very good vehicle to the investors and a cognizant alternative to the current forms available for investment. Advantages The value of gold tends to be stable from year to year and is considered not affected by inflation / zero inflation effect, and very rarely gold charges fell, and gold can also be used for collection and as jewelry. Investment in Gold is also good as a way of diversifying the tight-lacedty and remedy could be a good alternative, especially in unstable conditions, gold can be as a tool to hedge.Gold prices also tend to be stable due to the gold commodity in the world cannot grow. angiotensin-converting enz yme other advantage is the price of gold is pegged in U. S. dollars, so when an increase in the value of U. S. dollar. You can get two immediate benefits of the increase in dollars and also increase the price of gold itself. But can the same condition, when the gold price was falling. But for the long term gold prices tend to stabilize and rise. Disadvantages deficiency of investment in gold is the factor of storage / storage and treatment / handling. Storing gold in large quantities relatively risky and expensive.Also, if storage is not good, though clothed in protective cover, allowing the oxidation and discoloration. especially in the form of gold coins, if you fall, dented, or chipped, its hard for re-treatment and could reduce the price. In gold investments, you tend to be more careful and pay attention in terms of sustentation and storage. Another One drawback is its relatively stable returns and less evoke than stocks or property. Also, it is not advisable to invest in gold only in the short term (1 year or less). So, based on the strengths and weaknesses are, in my opinion tend to be more precise gold to hedge / hedging of the investment. . 8 REAL ESTATE Overview Real estate is a great investment option, as it gives you capital appreciation and rental income. Its an investment option since it fights inflation. The fundamentals for investing in property markets remain strong in India relatively low interest rates, strong capital flows, high employment growth, abundant liquidity, attractive demographics (young population and migration from West), increase in affordability, and a large supply of stock to keep up with drive and focus on quality. The price you pay for a property should reflect the future rent/income at which you let it.As in the stock market, the prices in real estate are also driven by sentiments. All that is required to reverse a price movement is a change in sentiment. Start saving for a home the moment you begin your career. aborig inal acquisition helps you to repay your home loan well within your working life. Also, the EMI as a percentage of your salary decreases as your pay increases making the bounces more affordable. If you lock into the interest rate for the loan, the interest outflow will be less than the combination effect ofinflation. You should be very blank about why you want to invest in real estate.It is a very good tool for wealth creation but like all other assets, has its share of risks. Careful planning, however, can minimize the risks. Property has proved a relatively secure investment over the past quarter decade in, with returns above 8 per cent in some metropolitan markets, but what should you consider before tell your savings to an investment property? Advantages of investment properties In general, property is considered a jolly low-risk investment, and can be less volatile than shares (although, this is not always the case).Some of the advantages of investing in property include * Tax benefits A number of deductions can be claimed on your tax return, such as interest paid on the loan, repairs and maintenance, rates and taxes, insurance, agents fees, become to and from the property to facilitate repairs, and buildings depreciation. * Negative power train Tax deductions can also be claimed as a result ofnegative gearing, where the costs of keeping the investment property exceed the income gained from it. * Long-term investment more people like the idea of an investment that can fund them in their retirement.Rental lodging is one sector that rarely decreases in price, making it a good likely option for long-term investments. * Positive asset base There are many benefits from having an investment property when deciding to take out another loan or invest in something else. Showing your effectiveness lender that you have the ability to maintain a loan without defaulting will be highly regarded. The property can also be useful as security when taking out anoth er home, car orpersonal loan. * Safety feel Low-risk investments are always popular with violent mum and dad investors.Property fits these criteria with returns in some country areas reaching 10% per year. Housing in metropolitan areas is constantly in demand with the high purchase price being offset by inviolable rental income and a yearly return of between 4% and 8%. * High leverage possibilities Investment properties can be purchased at 80% LVR (loan to valuation ratio), or up to 90% LVR withmortgage insurance. The LVR is careful by taking the amount of the loan and dividing it by the value of the property, as determined by the lender.This high leverage force results in a higher return for the investor at a lower risk due to having less personal pecuniary resource ties up in the property (80% of the purchase price was provided by the mortgagee). By choosing a property intelligently, investors can make this form of investment work for them. However, as with all investments t here are some disadvantages to be aware of. Disadvantages of investment properties Some potential problems to consider * Liquidity Its true you can sell the property if things go bad. However this can take many months unless youre will to postulate a price less than the property is worth. opposed the stock market, you will have to wait for any financial rewards. * Vacancies There will be times when mortgage payments will need to be cover out of your own pocket due to your property being untenanted. This could just be a result of a gap between tenants or because of maintenance issues. * severely tenants Its every investment property owners worst nightmare problem tenants. They can significantly damage your property, refuse to pay rent and refuse to leave. Disputes can sometimes take months to resolve. * Rising interest ratesIf yourinvestment loanhas a variable interest rate, there is always the risk of economic conditions create interest rates to rise. If not properly budgeted f or, rising interest rates could cause an investor financial stress where concerns of liquidity and right away selling the property become a reality. When interested rates are on the up, liquidity in property markets starts to run dry up. * Property oversupply In recent years, inner-city builders have created a glut of tower block apartment blocks, resulting in fierce competition and many units being increasingly difficult to rent out. * Ongoing costsIn addition to the received costs associated with a property, ongoing maintenance costs, especially with an older building, can be substantial. * Putting all your eggs in one basket If you have all your money tied up in property, overexposure to one particular type of investment can be a wild thing. If the property market crashes you can stand to lose significantly. * Capital Gains Tax obligate by the Federal Government on the appreciation of investments and payable on disposal. * Other costs Negative gearing may offer tax deduction s each financial year, however ongoing payments to cover the dearth need to be budgeted for every month.Also, costs involved in purchasing and disposing of the property can be substantial. 2. 9 FOREX Overview If you read about investing, youve seen the word Forex trading. But because Forex doesnt get much publicity in the major publications and websites, many investors dont know that Forex isjust short for foreign exchange. So trading the Forex market is simply trading foreign currencies. As recently as ten years ago, currency trading had high barriers to entry, so only large bank in gland institutional firms had access to the tools and systems required to play in the Forex trading game.Recently, however, technology has developed to the point that any individual investor can hop right in and trade with one of the many online platforms. When buying and selling in the Forex currency trading system market, youll see that there are four currency pairs that reign the percentage of trad es. Those four are the Euro vs U. S. sawbuck, US Dollar vs Japanese Yen, US Dollar vs Swiss Franc, and US Dollar vs British Pound. The goal when investing in currency is to be holding a currency that appreciates in value in relation to the other currencies.To use an overly simplistic example, if you bought 50 British Pounds for 100 US Dollars, held the Pounds for 1 week, and in that period the value of Pounds increased in relation to US Dollars, you could then convert those Pounds back into dollars for, say, $120. Unlike the domestic stock markets, the Forex currency trading is open for trades 24 hours a day. lots like the phrase its always noon somewhere, its always business hours at some region ofthe globe. Since every country trades on the FX market, and its open all day, the daily spate is roughly $1. trillion, which dwarfs that of the NYSE. Another comparison to make in order to truly realize the magnitude of the Forex market is with the currency futures market (which has ar ound 1% of the daily volume). 2. 10 FIXED DEPOSITS The same as a term or time deposit. Money may be placed with a bank, merchant bank, building society or credit union for a fixed term at a fixed rate of interest which remains same(predicate) during the period of the deposit. Depositors may have to accept an interest penalty if they break the deposit, i e, ask to take the money out before the agreed period has expired.Few points which FD investors moldiness consider at the time of investment I. Safety FDs have conventionally been the prime(a) choice for investors with a low risk appetite assured returns is the key factor which attracts investors towards deposits. Stick to FDs of the highest credit rating i. e. those with a AAA rating even if their rates seem modest vis-a-vis those offered by company deposits. II. Tenure Short tenured fixed deposits continue to be your best bet. With interest rates on the ascent, a further hike in rates offered by fixed deposits cannot be rule out .Locking your investments in longer tenured instruments may lead to an opportunity loss. III. Liquidity Find out how FD fares on the pre-mature encashment front i. e. how slow can your investment be liquidated. Also enquire about the penalty clauses, e. g. do you suffer a loss of interest and/or principal amount. Compare how various FDs rank on this parameter and pick the best deal thereby try to minimize the impact of illiquidity whichis typically associated with FDs. IV. supernumerary benefit Fixed deposits from reputed entities offer additional benefits, e. g. hey can be used as collateral against which loans can be raised. lead a fixed deposit scheme which scores favorably on such parameters. Any investment portfolio should comprise the right mix of safe, moderate and risky investments. While mutual funds and stocks are the dearie contenders for moderate and risky investments, fixed deposits, government bonds etc. are considered safe investments. Fixed deposits have been pa rticularly popular among a large section of investors in India as a safe investment option for a long period. 3. RESEARCH methodology 4. 1 Scope of ResearchThe present financial market is flooded with a lot investment instruments, viz. , Shares, Bonds, Mutual funds, Insurance plans, Fixed Deposits, other money and capital market instruments and also various options of investment in Real Estate and trade good Market etc. Sometimes people refer to these options as investment vehicles, which is just another way of saying a way to invest. Each of these vehicles has its own positives and negatives and net decision of investment is influenced by the individual investors lore regarding the risk and return of concerned investment opportunity available in the market.Further, the investment decisions is full of complexness because of volatility of market conditions, Inflation rate fluctuations, impact of Global environment, Cash reserve ratio, and Repo rates. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze these factors while taking an investment decision. Keeping above in mind, the study has been done to see the science of investors which provides understanding to readers about the various factors which should be keep in mind at the time of investment.The study is useful to company in providing the understanding about the investors perception to devise the suitable product/marketing strategies, which would helps it in makingtheir policies orstrategies in orderto attract them. Further. Financial planner getadvent tomake portfolioaccording toresponse given byrespondents, which get going to different occupations, having different income level, different age level or which instrument is mostly like by the investors for investment. The study would further helpful for readers in understanding about the various investment opportunities available in the market. . 2 Management Question directly a day there is coarse competition available in the market for getting customers, and finance service providers are not except from this competition. The present financial environment provides ample opportunities of investment to the investors. The decision to invest in right instrument is too complex which can meet their foresights perfectly. In the present scenario, customers are aware about the most of the financial instruments available in the market, and also know the advantage and pitfall of every investment options.Different types of customer consider various parameters while investing. So it becomes crucial for the company to know the preference of every customer. Some customer invests for the tax saving, where as other invests to gain capital appraisal benefit. So management of a company should consider the perception of customer regarding available investment option. The process of Customization becomes the difficult in convincing the customers. So this study helps the management to understand the awareness, preference, perception and adaptability towards different financial instruments. . 3 Objective of study Primary Objective * To know the perception as well as preference of customers towards different financial instruments. Secondary Objective * To know the advantage and disadvantage of different financial instruments * To know the various factors affecting investment options * To know the purpose of investment The money you earn is partly spent and the rest is saved for meeting future expenses. Instead of keeping the savings loose you may like to use savings in order to get return on it in the future. This is called Investment.Investment is the act of committing money orcapital to an endeavor with the expectation of obtaining an additional income or profit. There are ample Financial Instruments available in the market for investment each instrument has its own features. To invest money in financial instruments is not so easy. It needs depth study where to invest so that their investment could be safe along with the growth of money. In present scenario everyone wants to invest his money but having their own different objectives. It may be growth of capital, tax minimization, retirement planning, to balance out inflation rate, safety etc.The investors always mess with these objectives which creates disarray of where to invest, which tendency they have to prefer at the time of investment, which factors which influence their investment decisions, how to plan their investment portfolio and to whom to prefer for taking that all decisions. So that study is based on investors perception regarding their investment. It includes what they think at the time of investment, what are the various factors they keep in mind at investment or affects their decisions regarding investment.The investment decision is very typical to take, as it needs proper planning. So the concept of financial planning has to be taken in this study. 4. 4 Research Design Descriptive Research * Involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data. * Uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis. * lots uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader Descript